{"id":17785,"date":"2026-08-04T11:42:27","date_gmt":"2026-08-04T14:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/?p=17785"},"modified":"2026-07-30T12:47:37","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T15:47:37","slug":"game-theory-concepts-by-john-nash-and-applications-in-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/en\/blog\/teoria-dos-jogos-conceitos-john-nash-e-aplicacoes-na-economia\/","title":{"rendered":"Game Theory: Concepts, John Nash, and Applications in Economics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><em>*Written by: Mauricio Nakahodo, professor of Economics at ESEG College<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Long before companies, markets, or economic theories existed, human beings were already playing games. The historian Johan Huizinga called this homo ludens \u2014 the human being who plays.<br><br>Games were not just for fun: they helped organize social life, create rules, test strategies, and deal with conflicts.<br><br>Over time, we realize that many real-life situations function exactly like games. Not in a playful sense, but in a strategic sense: what I do depends on what you do\u2014and vice versa. That&#039;s precisely what game theory studies.<br><br>In this content, you will understand what game theory is in economics, learn about the concept of Nash Equilibrium, and discover who John Nash was.<br><br>Furthermore, you will see how this theory is applied in <a href=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/en\/graduation\/economy\/\">degree in economics<\/a>, in the financial market and even in criminal proceedings, through practical examples.<br><br>Keep reading to learn more!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is game theory?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Game theory is a field of economics that analyzes decisions in situations of interdependence. That is, when two or more people (or companies, governments, etc.) make decisions that affect each other.<br><br>Consider some simple examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two companies competing for the same customer;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two countries negotiating tariffs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two drivers are deciding who goes first at an intersection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In all these cases, no one decides alone. Every choice takes into account what the other person can do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does John Nash&#039;s game theory say?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Game theory gained enormous prominence with the mathematician John Nash, whose story inspired the film. <em>\u201c&quot;A Beautiful Mind&quot;\u201d<\/em>. In the film, there&#039;s a famous scene where he questions the idea that everyone should act only in their own self-interest\u2014showing that, often, the best outcome depends on considering the group.<br><br>Nash&#039;s main contribution was the theory of Nash Equilibrium.<br><br>Simply put, this balance occurs when: <strong>No one can improve their situation by changing their decision alone.<\/strong><br><br>Imagine two companies that have already chosen their strategies. If any single change worsens the outcome, then they are in equilibrium.<br><br>It&#039;s a point of stability. It doesn&#039;t mean it&#039;s the best possible outcome\u2014just that nobody has the incentive to change on their own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How does strategic balance work?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thinking strategically means understanding that your decisions are part of a &quot;game&quot; with other people.<br><br>Imagine a simple situation: a group needs to decide how to use a resource\u2014to spend or save\/invest. If each person decides without considering others, the result is one thing. But if someone notices how the others will act and adapts their decision, the result changes completely.<br><br>This ability to anticipate the behavior of others is what differentiates ordinary decisions from strategic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 4 pillars of a game<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand any strategic situation, we can look at four basic elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Who participates in the game?;<\/strong> (people, companies, countries)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What choices are available?;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What are the rules?; <\/strong>(order of decisions, available information, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What are the results of each combination of choices?.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These results are usually organized into tables called &quot;payoff matrices,&quot; which clearly show who wins and who loses in each scenario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical examples of game theory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Exemplos-praticos-sobre-a-teoria-do-Jogos.webp\" alt=\"Practical examples of game theory\" class=\"wp-image-17787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Exemplos-praticos-sobre-a-teoria-do-Jogos.webp 800w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Exemplos-praticos-sobre-a-teoria-do-Jogos-300x171.webp 300w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Exemplos-praticos-sobre-a-teoria-do-Jogos-768x437.webp 768w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Exemplos-praticos-sobre-a-teoria-do-Jogos-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The examples presented below illustrate in practice how these four pillars relate to each other in different contexts. See below!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1- Prisoner&#039;s Dilemma \u2013 Game Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most famous example of game theory.<br><br>Two suspects are interrogated separately. Each can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>to remain silent (cooperate);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>or confess (to betray the other).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If both cooperate, the outcome is relatively good for both.<br>But everyone has an incentive to cheat \u2014 because it might work out better for them individually.<br><br>The problem is that when both think like that, they end up in a worse situation.<br><br>This example illustrates something very important: rational individual decisions can lead to bad outcomes for everyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2- Price wars: when excessive competition destroys value<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now consider two competing companies.<br><br>For a while, both maintain stable prices and make good profits. But one day, one of them decides to lower its price to attract more customers.<br><br>In the short term, it seems like a great idea.<br><br>But the competitor reacts \u2014 and also lowers the price.<br><br>In a short time, both are earning less than before. Neither wanted this outcome, but, from a strategic standpoint, not reacting would be even worse.<br><br>This type of situation happens all the time in real markets. It&#039;s a classic example of how rational decisions can lead to bad outcomes for everyone.<br><br>But what&#039;s interesting is that the game can work in the opposite direction as well.<br><br>In some markets with few companies, something different happens: one company tests a price increase. The others watch closely. If they follow suit, the entire market starts operating with higher prices. If they don&#039;t follow suit, those who raised prices can quickly retreat.<br><br>This \u201csilent game\u201d shows the other side of game theory: not only destructive competition, but also attempts at coordination \u2014 even without formal agreements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3- Market entry: to enter or not to enter?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imagine you want to start a new company in a market already dominated by a large company.<br><br>Before entering, you need to think:<br><br>\u201c&quot;If I join, how will the company that&#039;s already there react?&quot;\u201d<br><br>She can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>accept the competition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>or react aggressively, lowering prices to drive you out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now comes the central point: not every threat is credible.<br><br>If reacting aggressively is too costly for the dominant company, it may threaten to do so\u2014but in practice, it will not sustain that strategy.<br><br>If you realize this, you can decide to enter anyway.<br><br>This type of reasoning is very common in markets such as digital banks, airlines, or telecommunications companies. Companies don&#039;t just look at the present\u2014they try to anticipate the reaction of their competitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4- Game Theory in Law: the incentive to confess<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Teoria-dos-Jogos-no-Direito-o-incentivo-a-confessar.webp\" alt=\"Game Theory in Law: The Incentive to Confess\" class=\"wp-image-17789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Teoria-dos-Jogos-no-Direito-o-incentivo-a-confessar.webp 800w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Teoria-dos-Jogos-no-Direito-o-incentivo-a-confessar-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Teoria-dos-Jogos-no-Direito-o-incentivo-a-confessar-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Teoria-dos-Jogos-no-Direito-o-incentivo-a-confessar-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the best-known applications of game theory in <a href=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/en\/blog\/criminal-law-what-is-it-and-in-which-area-to-work\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">criminal proceedings<\/a> This involves analyzing the decisions made by those under investigation during a criminal investigation.<br><br>In the legal system, the strategic logic is clearly apparent.<br><br>When two people are under investigation, each must decide whether to cooperate with the investigation or not.<br><br>The decision depends on expectations regarding the other person.<br><br>If they both trusted each other, they could have a better outcome. But the fear of being harmed leads each to act defensively.<br><br>That&#039;s why mechanisms like plea bargaining work.<br><br>The same logic applies to leniency agreements. A company collaborates with the authorities and reveals information before others to obtain benefits\u2014anticipating that, if it does not, another company may act first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5- Geopolitics: the game between countries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Game theory helps us understand how countries make decisions in competitive scenarios.<br><br>Imagine two countries in a tense situation. One imposes trade tariffs; the other responds. In another context, one might advance militarily, and the other must decide how to react.<br><br>In both cases, the logic is the same: no one decides alone. Every move is made based on the question:<br><br>\u201c&quot;How will the other person react?&quot;\u201d<br><br>If both sides back down, they avoid the worst-case scenario. If one side advances and the other retreats, there is a strategic gain. But if both advance\u2014whether through tariffs or military action\u2014the escalation generates high costs for everyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion on game theory in economics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Game theory teaches us a fundamental lesson: <strong>It&#039;s not enough to make good decisions \u2014 you also need to consider how others will react.<\/strong><br><br>She helps explain why:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Companies engage in price wars;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cooperation agreements fail;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negotiations are complex;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rational decisions don&#039;t always lead to the best results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than a theory, it is a way of seeing the world as a set of strategic interactions.<br><br>For those studying economics, business administration, law, or finance, this makes all the difference. Because, ultimately, the real world functions much more like a game than an isolated problem.<br><br>And those who understand the rules of this game make better decisions.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Did you like the approach to the topic? This content was produced by a professor from... <a href=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ESEG College<\/a>, [Institution Name], from the Etapa Group, stands out for its unique methodology, recognized for its academic results. With a program that combines theory and practice, the institution prepares professionals for the challenges of the market and for lifelong learning. Visit our website and learn more. <a href=\"https:\/\/eseg.edu.br\/en\/bachelors-degree-2\/\">ESEG undergraduate courses<\/a>!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>*Escrito por: Mauricio Nakahodo, docente do curso de Economia da Faculdade ESEG Desde muito antes de existirem empresas, mercados ou teorias econ\u00f4micas, os seres humanos j\u00e1 jogavam. O historiador Johan Huizinga chamou isso de homo ludens \u2014 o ser humano que joga. Jogos n\u00e3o eram apenas divers\u00e3o: eles ajudavam a organizar a vida social, criar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":17788,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[174,169,173],"class_list":["post-17785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia","tag-faculdade-de-economia","tag-faculdade-em-sp","tag-faculdade-particular-em-sp"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Teoria dos Jogos: Conceitos, John Nash e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es na Economia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Descubra o que \u00e9 a teoria dos jogos, o Equil\u00edbrio de Nash e veja como ela \u00e9 aplicada na economia, no mercado financeiro e no processo penal.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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